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Royal Arms of England
In heraldry, the Royal Arms of England is a coat of arms first adopted as their personal arms by the Plantagenet kings of England in the late 12th century.〔.〕 They have come to symbolize in the popular mind England (although historically nations never bore arms, only persons did) and its monarchs.〔: "The three golden lions upon a ground of red have certainly continued to be the royal and national arms of England."〕 Its blazon is ''Gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or armed and langued azure'',〔.〕 meaning three identical gold lions (also known as leopards) with blue tongues and claws, walking and facing the observer, arranged in a column on a red background. Although, the azure tincture of tongue and claws is not cited in many blazon's, they are a distinguishing feature of the Arms of England, historically. This coat, designed in the High Middle Ages, has been variously combined with those of France, Scotland, Ireland, Nassau and Hanover, according to dynastic and other political changes affecting England, but has not itself been altered since the reign of King Richard I of England (1189–1199).
Although in England the heraldic charge refers to lions, the French heralds historically used the term leopard to represent the lion passant guardant, and hence the arms of England, no doubt, are more correctly blazoned, Leopards. Practically, however, the same animal was intended, but different names given according to the position; in later times the name lion was given to both.
Royal emblems depicting lions were first used by the Norman dynasty,〔〔.〕 later a formal and consistent English heraldry system emerged during the 12th century. The escutcheon, or shield featuring three lions is traced to King Richard I's Great Seal of the Realm, which initially used a single lion rampant, or else two lions, but in 1198, was permanently altered to depict three lions passant, representing Richard I's triple (amongst many more) position as King of the English, Duke of the Normans, and Duke of the Aquitaines.〔〔〔〔 In 1340, King Edward III of England laid claim to the throne of France and signified his pretence by quartering the Royal Arms of England with the Royal Arms of France.〔.〕 This quartering was adjusted, abandoned and restored intermittently throughout the Middle Ages as the relationship between England and France changed. When the French altered their arms from a seme' of fleur-de-lys, to only three on an azure field, the English quartering followed suit. After the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when England and the Kingdom of Scotland entered a personal union, the arms of England and Scotland were combined in what has now become the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. It appears in a similar capacity to represent England in the Arms of Canada and the Queen's Personal Canadian Flag.〔 〕 The coat of three lions continues to represent England on several coins of the pound sterling, forms the basis of several emblems of English national sports teams,〔.〕 and endures as one of the most recognisable national symbols of England.〔
When the Royal Arms is in the format of a heraldic flag, it is variously known as the Royal Banner of England,〔.〕 the Banner of the Royal Arms,〔 the Banner of the King of England,〔.〕〔.〕 or by the misnomer of the Royal Standard of England.The archaeologist and antiquarian Charles Boutell also makes this distinction.〔|group=note}} This Royal Banner differs from England's national flag, St George's Cross, in that it does not represent any particular area or land, but rather symbolises the sovereignty vested in the rulers thereof.〔
==History==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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